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Summary of medical research results to date
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Biology and the properties of water
About the Water Clinical Trials site
Water consumption and disease prevention
About the Water Clinical Trials site
Biology and the properties of water
Water consumption and disease prevention
Clinical trials listed
Summary of medical research results to date
The Water Clinical Trials website, national and international editors, and all people associated with the site, accept no responsibility for the use or misuse of any information contained on the site.
There have been many epidemiological studies, of various quality, over the past 50 years that associate the consumption of hard water (water containing calcium and magnesium ions) to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. One of the first studies describing the association was undertaken by European governments and published in 1976. This study concluded that the consumption of water containing calcium decreased the risk of death from all causes related to ill-health. The study was published as a book which is cited below:
Hardness of Drinking Water and Public Health, 1976. Amavis R, Hunter WJ and Smeets JGPM (eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford.
The National Academy of Sciences (USA) and the associated National Research Council (USA) have published evidence that groups of people demonstrate increased longevity (a low death rate) if they reside in areas of the United States that have relatively high levels of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ions in drinking water, particularly high levels of magnesium. In contrast, groups of people demonstrate decreased longevity (a high death rate) if they reside in areas of the United States that have relatively low levels of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ions in drinking water, particularly low levels of magnesium. The study is cited below:
Feder GL. 1981. Contrasts in drinking-water quality between the increased-longevity low-death-rate area and the decreased-longevity high-death-rate area in the United States. In Aging and the Geochemical Environment (Panel on Aging and the Geochemical Environment). 92-103. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) gathered a group of experts to assess 80 observational epidemiological studies which related the constituents of drinking water to health and disease. The majority, but certainly not all, of the studies found a protective association between the calcium and magnesium constituents of drinking water and the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. The WHO study resulted in an Expert Consensus which is provided below:
WHO Nutrients in
Drinking Water extract
A major review of epidemiological studies on drinking water, by the European water expert Professor Silvano Monarca, concluded that a low intake of magnesium in drinking water increased the risk of dying from, and possibly developing, both cardiovascular disease and stroke.
Abstract in European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation:
http://www.escardiocontent.org/periodicals/ejcpr/article/S1741-8267%2803%2913404-4/abstract
Following a meta-analysis of high quality case control studies, a statistically significant (p < 0.001) effect was found between low magnesium levels in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality.
Abstract in Journal of Water and Health:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401109
A large case control study (17,133 and 17,133 controls) found a significant protective effect of moderate to high magnesium concentrations in drinking water on the risk of death from cerebrovascular disease (stroke).
How active is water in disease prevention?
How active is water in disease prevention?
How active is water in disease prevention?
